The four functions dlopen(), dlsym(), dlclose(), dlerror() implement the interface to the dynamic linking loader.

dlerror

The function dlerror() returns a human readable string describing the most recent error that occurred from dlopen(), dlsym() or dlclose() since the last call to dlerror(). It returns NULL if no errors have occurred since initialization or since it was last called.

dlopen

The function dlopen() loads the dynamic library file named by the null-terminated stringfilename and returns an opaque "handle" for the dynamic library. If filename is NULL, then the returned handle is for the main program. If filename contains a slash ("/"), then it is interpreted as a (relative or absolute) pathname. Otherwise, the dynamic linker searches for the library as follows (see ld.so(8) for further details):

o

(ELF only) If the executable file for the calling program contains a DT_RPATH tag, and does not contain a DT_RUNPATH tag, then the directories listed in the DT_RPATH tag are searched.

o

If the environment variable LD_LIBRARY_PATH is defined to contain a colon-separated list of directories, then these are searched. (As a security measure this variable is ignored for set-user-ID and set-group-ID programs.)

o

(ELF only) If the executable file for the calling program contains a DT_RUNPATH tag, then the directories listed in that tag are searched.

o

The cache file /etc/ld.so.cache (maintained by ldconfig(8)) is checked to see whether it contains an entry for filename.

o

The directories /lib and /usr/lib are searched (in that order).

If the library has dependencies on other shared libraries, then these are also automatically loaded by the dynamic linker using the same rules. (This process may occur recursively, if those libraries in turn have dependencies, and so on.)

One of the following two values must be included in flag:

RTLD_LAZY

Perform lazy binding. Only resolve symbols as the code that references them is executed. If the symbol is never referenced, then it is never resolved. (Lazy binding is only performed for function references; references to variables are always immediately bound when the library is loaded.)

RTLD_NOW

If this value is specified, or the environment variable LD_BIND_NOW is set to a non-empty string, all undefined symbols in the library are resolved before dlopen() returns. If this cannot be done, an error is returned.

Zero of more of the following values may also be ORed in flag:

RTLD_GLOBAL

The symbols defined by this library will be made available for symbol resolution of subsequently loaded libraries.

RTLD_LOCAL

This is the converse of RTLD_GLOBAL, and the default if neither flag is specified. Symbols defined in this library are not made available to resolve references in subsequently loaded libraries.

RTLD_NODELETE (since glibc 2.2)

Do not unload the library during dlclose(). Consequently, the library's static variables are not reinitialised if the library is reloaded with dlopen() at a later time. This flag is not specified in POSIX.1-2001.

RTLD_NOLOAD (since glibc 2.2)

Don't load the library. This can be used to test if the library is already resident (dlopen() returns NULL if it is not, or the library's handle if it is resident). This flag can also be used to promote the flags on a library that is already loaded. For example, a library that was previously loaded with RTLD_LOCAL can be re-opened withRTLD_NOLOAD | RTLD_GLOBAL. This flag is not specified in POSIX.1-2001.

RTLD_DEEPBIND (since glibc 2.3.4)

Place the lookup scope of the symbols in this library ahead of the global scope. This means that a self-contained library will use its own symbols in preference to global symbols with the same name contained in libraries that have already been loaded. This flag is not specified in POSIX.1-2001.

If filename is a NULL pointer, then the returned handle is for the main program. When given to dlsym(), this handle causes a search for a symbol in the main program, followed by all shared libraries loaded at program startup, and then all shared libraries loaded by dlopen() with the flag RTLD_GLOBAL.

External references in the library are resolved using the libraries in that library's dependency list and any other libraries previously opened with the RTLD_GLOBAL flag. If the executable was linked with the flag "-rdynamic" (or, synonymously, "--export-dynamic"), then the global symbols in the executable will also be used to resolve references in a dynamically loaded library.

If the same library is loaded again with dlopen(), the same file handle is returned. The dl library maintains reference counts for library handles, so a dynamic library is not deallocated until dlclose() has been called on it as many times as dlopen() has succeeded on it. The _init routine, if present, is only called once. But a subsequent call withRTLD_NOW may force symbol resolution for a library earlier loaded with RTLD_LAZY.

If dlopen() fails for any reason, it returns NULL.

dlsym

The function dlsym() takes a "handle" of a dynamic library returned by dlopen() and the null-terminated symbol name, returning the address where that symbol is loaded into memory. If the symbol is not found, in the specified library or any of the libraries that were automatically loaded by dlopen() when that library was loaded, dlsym() returns NULL. (The search performed by dlsym() is breadth first through the dependency tree of these libraries.) Since the value of the symbol could actually be NULL (so that a NULL return from dlsym() need not indicate an error), the correct way to test for an error is to call dlerror() to clear any old error conditions, then call dlsym(), and then call dlerror() again, saving its return value into a variable, and check whether this saved value is not NULL.

There are two special pseudo-handles, RTLD_DEFAULT and RTLD_NEXT. The former will find the first occurrence of the desired symbol using the default library search order. The latter will find the next occurrence of a function in the search order after the current library. This allows one to provide a wrapper around a function in another shared library.

dlclose

The function dlclose() decrements the reference count on the dynamic library handle handle. If the reference count drops to zero and no other loaded libraries use symbols in it, then the dynamic library is unloaded.

The function dlclose() returns 0 on success, and non-zero on error.

The obsolete symbols _init and _fini

The linker recognizes special symbols _init and _fini. If a dynamic library exports a routine named _init, then that code is executed after the loading, before dlopen() returns. If the dynamic library exports a routine named _fini, then that routine is called just before the library is unloaded. In case you need to avoid linking against the system startup files, this can be done by giving gcc the "-nostartfiles" parameter on the command line.

Using these routines, or the gcc -nostartfiles or -nostdlib options, is not recommended. Their use may result in undesired behavior, since the constructor/destructor routines will not be executed (unless special measures are taken).

Instead, libraries should export routines using the __attribute__((constructor)) and __attribute__((destructor)) function attributes. See the gcc info pages for information on these. Constructor routines are executed before dlopen() returns, and destructor routines are executed before dlclose() returns.

GNU Extensions

Glibc adds two functions not described by POSIX, with prototypes

#define _GNU_SOURCE#include <dlfcn.h>
int dladdr(void *addr, Dl_info *info);
void *dlvsym(void *handle, char *symbol, char *version);

The function dladdr() takes a function pointer and tries to resolve name and file where it is located. Information is stored in the Dl_info structure:

typedef struct {
  const char *dli_fname;/* Filename of defining object */
  void *dli_fbase;      /* Load address of that object */
  const char *dli_sname;/* Name of nearest lower symbol */
  void *dli_saddr;      /* Exact value of nearest symbol */
} Dl_info;

dladdr() returns 0 on error, and non-zero on success.

The function dlvsym() does the same as dlsym() but takes a version string as an additional argument.

Example

Load the math library, and print the cosine of 2.0:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <dlfcn.h>


int main(int argc, char **argv) {
    void *handle;
    double (*cosine)(double);
    char *error;
    handle = dlopen ("libm.so", RTLD_LAZY);
    if (!handle) {
        fprintf (stderr, "%s\n", dlerror());
        exit(1);
    }
    dlerror();    /* Clear any existing error */
    cosine = dlsym(handle, "cos");
    if ((error = dlerror()) != NULL)  {
        fprintf (stderr, "%s\n", error);
        exit(1);
    }
    printf ("%f\n", (*cosine)(2.0));
    dlclose(handle);
    return 0;
}

If this program were in a file named "foo.c", you would build the program with the following command:

gcc -rdynamic -o foo foo.c -ldl

Libraries exporting _init() and _fini() will want to be compiled as follows, using bar.c as the example name:

gcc -shared -nostartfiles -o bar bar.c

Notes

The symbols RTLD_DEFAULT and RTLD_NEXT are defined by <dlfcn.h> only when _GNU_SOURCE was defined before including it.

Since glibc 2.2.3, atexit(3) can be used to register an exit handler that is automatically called when a library is unloaded.

History

The dlopen interface standard comes from SunOS. That system also has dladdr(), but not dlvsym().

Conforming to

POSIX.1-2001 describes dlclose(), dlerror(), dlopen(), and dlsym().

See Also

ld(1), ldd(1), dl_iterate_phdr(3), ld.so(8), ldconfig(8), ld.so info pages, gcc info pages, ld info pages

Referenced By

backtrace_symbols_fd(3), lftp(1), lvm.conf(5), uselib(2)